Hpaga lam, galaw shapraw ai lam, shani shagu gram lajang ai lam ni hta ra kadawn ai shingkyit ni hku nna, shingkyit ni a hkam kaja lam gaw bungli masing a shimlum lam hte bungli galaw ai lam hpe hkrak hkrak hkra machyi shangun ai. Nail bungli hpe n galai shai ai sha galaw lu na matu, mungdan ni gaw, n-gun ja ai hku galaw sa wa na madang ni hpe masat da nna, arung arai ni, shadawn shadang ni, jak rung atsam ni hpe asan sha tsun da ai.
Mungkan ting hta, nail hpe jai lang ai madang ni gaw madung hku nna ISO (Mungkan ting na madang masat masa galaw ai uhpung) hte ASTM (American chyam dinglik ai hte arung arai ni hpe jai lang ai uhpung) zawn re ai ahkaw ahkang lu ai masa ni hpe madung tawn ai. Ga shadawn, ISO 1481 gaw, n-gun rawng ai shingnip ni a matu, n-gun rawng ai shingnip shingnap ni a matu, shingnip shingna shingnip shingna ni hpe ±0.1mm hta n jan ai shank diameter deviation ra ai, madi shadaw ai arung arai ni hte htuk manu hkra galaw ra ai. ASTM F1667 chyawm gaw, gap ai n-gang ni a matu n-gun n-gun, n-gun n-gun, n-gun n-gun hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam ni hpe hkrak tsun da ai, galvanized n-gang ni hpe n-gun n-gun n yawm htum hkying hkum 500 tup n-gun n rawng hkra, ntsin chya ai chyam dinglik ai hta ra ai.
nye mungdan a nail madang ni gaw madung hku nna GB (National Standard) hpe madung tawn ai. Ga shadawn, GB/T 349-2016, "Ordinary Round Nails," hta carbon n-gang n-gang ni a chemical n-gun hpe hkrak tsun da ai, n-gun ja ai hte n-gun ja ai lapran hta rap ra ai lam lu la na matu carbon n-gun hpe 0.08% hte 0.25% lapran hkang ra ai ngu masat da ai. Dai hta n-ga, GB/T 15824-2023 gaw, concrete (sh) hpun hta kam mai ai hku jung da lu na matu, n-gang ni a hkra machyi ai lam hpe ninghkap lu na matu, laksan ra kadawn ai lam ni hpe masat da ya ai.
Ndai madang ni hpe hkan sa ai gaw, galaw shapraw ai lam ni hpe madang masat ya ai sha n-ga, hpaga lam hta hpaji masa rawt jat galu kaba wa na matu mung karum ya nga ai. Mechanical chyam dinglik ai lam hte metallographic analysis hku nna, galaw shapraw ai ni gaw, n-gup magap ni a ngang kang ai gradient hte ntsa lam hpe gram lajang ai atsam hpe hkrak hkrak hkang lu ai. Ndai madang ni hpe hkan sa ai nail ni gaw, n-gun n rawng ai lam hpe hkrak sha shayawm ya nna, shanhte a service prat hpe galu shangun ai. Htawm hpang de, arung arai hpaji masa rawt jat wa ai hte maren, hpun kawa ni hte n-gun ja ai engineering bungli masing ni a ra kadawn ai lam ni hpe hkap la lu na matu, nail standard ni hpe grau nna gram lajang na re.